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Not all of the ships were positioned the same distance from the epicenter, so comparing damage from one to the next is really not fair. You can see what appears to be a hole in the water column on the right of the Baker test that is where Arkansas was located. Baker had way more effect since it was a subsurface blast, the pressure wave through the water was way more destructive than that of Able.
The tests proved for the most part, other than near direct hits, surface warships were structurally able to withstand the bombs of that era. Of course any crew would have died and the ships were useless radioactive hulks afterwards anyway.
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